Finland-Swedes in Canada - Migration,settlements and ethnic relations

Innehåll / Contents
Preface s.5
Abstract s.6
Acknowledgements s.7
Innehållsförteckning / Contents s.9
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Nature of the study s.19
1.2 Terminology s.20
1.3 Overview s.20
Chapter 2 Literature review and theoretical underpinnings
2.1 Introduction s.23
2.2 Cultural and ethnic geography s.23
2.2.1 Spatial interactions and relations s.26
2.2.2 Migration s.27
2.2.3 Ethnic regionalism s 28
2.3 Sociology s.29
2.3.1 Assimilation s.29
2.3.2 Acculturation s.31
2.3.3 Pluralism s 32
2.4 Social psychology s.33
2.4.1 Social identity theory s.34
2.4.2 Five-stage model of intergroup relations s.36
2.5 Cross-cultural psychology s.41
2.5.1 Attitude balance theory and ethnocentrism s.42
2.5.2 Stereotypes s.43
2.6 Conclusions s.44
Chapter 3 Brief history of Finland-Swedes in Finland
3.1 Introduction s.47
3.2 Pre-history (pre-1157) s.47
3.3 Finland as part of Sweden (1157–1809) s.48
3.4 Finland as part of Russia (1809–1917) s.49
3.5 Finnish Civil War (1917–1918) s.52
3.6 Finland-Swedes in an independent Finland s.54
3.7 Conclusions s.57
Chapter 4 Emigration from Finland
4.1 Introduction s.59
4.2 Emigration prior to World War II s.61
4.2.1 Emigration to Sweden s.62
4.2.2 Emigration to Russia/Soviet Union s.62
4.2.3 Emigration to Norway s.63
4.2.4 Emigration to North America s.64
4.2.5 Emigration to other destinations s.66
4.3 Emigration after World War II s.68
4.3.1 Emigration to Nordic countries s.68
4.3.2 Emigration to continental Europe s 69
4.3.3 Overseas destinations s.69
4.4 Role of Finland-Swedes in the emigration process s.69
4.4.1 Finland-Swedish emigration, 1870–1990 s.71
4.4.2 Reasons for Finland-Swedish emigration s.72
4.4.3 Finland-Swedish immigration to North America s.76
4.5 Conclusions s.77
Chapter 5 Finland-Swedes in Canada
5.1 Introduction s.77
5.2 Settlement history, distribution, and the reason for being s.78
5.2.1 Census information on Finland-Swedish immigration s. 78
5.2.2 Finland-Swedish settlement history s.80
5.3 Economic, social, and cultural impact of Finland-Swedes in Canada s.86
5.3.1 Economic development s.86
5.3.2 Social impacts s.92
5.3.3 Cultural impacts s.94
5.4 The upkeep of ethnic cohesion and retention of ethnic self-identity s.95
5.4.1 Religion s.96
5.4.2 Finland-Swedish cultural organizations and clubs s.98
5.5 Historical interrelations between the Finland-Swedes and Finnish-speaking Finns and Swedes in Canada s.104
5.6 Finland-Swedes in Canada today: an overall summary s.107
5.7 Conclusions s.109
Chapter 6 The Finland-Swedish ethnic group survey and methodology
6.1 Introduction s.111
6.2 Goals of the survey s.111
6.3 The survey instrument s.112
6.4 Survey sample and methodology s.113
6.5 Independent variables s.115
6.5.1 Geographic location s.115
6.5.2 Ethnicity s.116
6.5.3 Socio-economic variables s.118
6.5.4 Age and sex of respondents s.120
6.6 Data analysis s.121
6.7 Conclusions s.122
Chapter 7 Descriptive statistics – demographic and socioeconomic profile of the sample
7.1 Introduction s.123
7.2 Geographic characteristics s.123
7.3 Reasons for Finland-Swedish immigration s.125
7.4 Ethnic characteristics s.129
7.4.1 Erickson area Finland-Swedes s.131
7.5 Influence of mother tongue and language s.136
7.6 Socio-economic characteristics s.137
7.6.1 Educational attainment s.137
7.6.2 Employment of Finland-Swedes s.140
7.6.3 Respondent family income s.142
7.7 Conclusions s.142
Chapter 8 Attitudes towards ethnic and national groups
8.1 Introduction s.145
8.2 Stereotyping s.145
8.3 Inter-ethnic attitudes s.147
8.4 The effect of gender on sympathy scores s.150
8.5 The effect of age on sympathy scores s.151
8.6 The effect of education on sympathy scores s.152
8.7 The effect of income on sympathy scores s.154
8.8 The effect of employment on sympathy scores s.156
8.9 The Finnish-Canadian response s.158
8.10 The Finland-Swedes of Vancouver, Thunder Bay and Toronto: a study of three regional populations s.159
8.10.1 Immigration and year of arrival s.159
8.10.2 The effect of geography on attitude differences s.162
8.11 Conclusions s.164
Chapter 9 Retention or shift in ethnic identity?
9.1 Introduction s.167
9.2 The effect of independent variables on ethnic identity s.168
9.2.1 The effect of gender on ethnic identity s.168
9.2.2 The effect of education on ethnic identity s.169
9.2.3 The effect of income on ethnic identity s.170
9.2.4 The effect of occupations on ethnic identity s.171
9.3 Other variables effecting ethnic identity s.172
9.3.1 Intermarriage s.173
9.3.2 Children s.174
9.3.3 Upkeep of traditional Finland-Swedish culture s.177
9.4 Ethnic identity shifts s.179
9.5 5-stage model of Finland-Swedish identity shifts s.181
9.6 Conclusions s.183
Chapter 10 Integration or separation? Assimilation or marginalization? The acculturation paths of Finland-Swedes
10.1 Introduction s.185
10.2 Acculturation paths of the national sample s.186
10.3 Acculturation paths in Vancouver, Thunder Bay and Toronto s.187
10.4 Acculturation paths among generations s.189
10.5 Acculturation paths and decade of immigration s.191
10.6 Regional association with ethnic media s.192
10.7 Finland-Swedish acculturation with the Swedish ethnic community in Canada s.195
10.8 Acculturation paths towards Swedes in Vancouver, Thunder Bay and Toronto s.197
10.9 Conclusions s.200
Chapter 11 Conclusions
11.1 Introduction s.203
11.2 Geographic settlement pattern s.203
11.3 The 5-stage model of intergroup relations revisited s.204
11.4 The 3-stage model of Finland-Swedish identity shifts s. 205
11.5 Regional and national attitude shifts s.205
11.6 Acculturation into the Finnish and Swedish ethnic communities s.206
11.7 A critique and recommendations for future research s.207
11.8 The placing of Finland-Swedes in cultural geography s.208
11.9 Epilogue s.208
Bibliography s.209
Sources s.225
Appendices
Appendix I — Finland-Swedes listed in the Russian consular records, 1898–1922 s.229
Appendix II — Montreal Finnish immigrant home records, 1927–1931 s.232
Appendix III — Immigration via ocean ports and from the United States aged 10 years and over by Finnish racial origin and Swedish mother tongue, 1926–1935 s.237
Appendix IV — Immigration by country of birth (Finland) and racial origin (Swedish) by fiscal year, 1926–1991 s.238
Appendix V — Finland-Swedish church membership in Canada – various congregations s.240
Appendix VI — Finland-Swedish members of the Swedish Society SVEA, Vancouver, B.C., 1908–1949 s.254
Appendix VII — Pioneer settlers of the Scandinavia colony, ca. 1890 s.255
Appendix VIII — Respondent roots in Finland s.257
Appendix IX — Location of Finland-Swedes survey population by city s.260
Appendix X — Questionnaire s.261